Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich - Metaverse – Андрей Ильин

Ivan Petrovich was born on September 14 , 1849 in Ryazan in the family of a priest. Pavlov's paternal and maternal ancestors were clergymen of the Russian Orthodox Church. Father — Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov (1823-1899), mother — Varvara Ivanovna (nee Uspenskaya) (1826-1890).After graduating from the Ryazan Theological College in 1864, Pavlov entered the Ryazan Theological Seminary, which he later recalled with great warmth. In his final year at the seminary, he read a short book, "Reflexes of the Brain," by Professor Ivan Sechenov, which turned his whole life around. In 1870, he entered the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University (graduates of the seminary were limited in their choice of university specialties), but 17 days after admission he transferred to the Natural Sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, where he specialized in animal physiology under Ilya Tsion and Philip Ovsyannikov.Pavlov, as a follower of Sechenov's theory of nervism, was much involved in nervous regulation. Sechenov himself had to leave the academy, and later moved from St. Petersburg to Odessa, where he worked for some time at Novorossiysk University. Pavlov's favorite teacher, Ilya Faddeevich Tsion, a student of Karl Ludwig, took his chair at the Medical and Surgical Academy. Pavlov not only learned masterly surgical techniques from Tsion, but after receiving the title of candidate of Natural Sciences at the university, he was going to combine his higher medical education with work in Tsion's laboratory at the Moscow Art Academy. But at that moment, Zion left Russia. In 1875, Pavlov, thanks to his university education, immediately entered the 3rd year of the Medical and Surgical Academy (now the Military Medical Academy, VMA), at the same time (1876-1878) he worked in the physiological laboratory of another student of Karl Ludwig, Konstantin Ustymovich, at the Department of Physiology of the veterinary department of the Medical and Surgical Academy. On Ustimovich's recommendation, Pavlov went to Germany in the summer of 1877, where he worked under the guidance of digestive specialist Rudolf Heidenhain in Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland)[10]. After completing the Academy course, in 1878, he worked under the guidance of one of his teachers, a student of Claude Bernard, Sergei Botkin, in the laboratory at his clinic at the Medical and Surgical Academy. According to Pavlov's memoirs, Sechenov's friend Botkin was an excellent physiologist himself, and Pavlov considered him one of his main teachers not only as a clinician, but also as a physiologist. "Sergei Petrovich Botkin,— said Ivan Pavlov, —was the best personification of the legitimate and fruitful union of medicine and physiology, those two kinds of human activity that are erecting the edifice of the science of the human body before our eyes and promise to provide man with his best happiness in the future — health and life." Due to his intensive scientific work, he defended his thesis only in 1879, after graduating from the academy. Under the leadership of Sergey Botkin, Pavlov and Stolnikov, a technique with an artificial circulatory system was developed to study the effects of cardiac drugs even before Starling's work and, therefore, perhaps for the first time in the world. After defending his dissertation on the nerves of the heart and interning with renowned physiologists in Germany, including Karl Ludwig himself, he became the head of this laboratory at the Botkin ClinicPavlov devoted more than 10 years to getting a fistula (opening) of the gastrointestinal tract. It was extremely difficult to perform such an operation, as the juice pouring out of the stomach digested the intestines and abdominal wall. Ivan Pavlov stitched the skin and mucous membrane, inserted metal tubes and closed them with stoppers so that there was no erosion, and he could receive pure digestive juice throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract - from the salivary gland to the large intestine, which he did on hundreds of experimental animals. He conducted experiments with imaginary feeding (cutting the esophagus so that food does not enter the stomach), thus making a number of discoveries in the field of gastric juice secretion reflexes. In 10 years, Pavlov has essentially reinvented the modern physiology of digestion. In 1903, 54-year-old Pavlov made a presentation at the XIV International Medical Congress in Madrid. In 1904, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize for his research on the functions of the main digestive glands — he became the first Russian Nobel laureate.In his Madrid report, written in Russian, Pavlov first formulated the principles of the physiology of higher nervous activity, to which he devoted the next 35 years of his life. Concepts such as reinforcement, unconditioned and conditioned reflexes (not quite successfully translated into English as "unconditioned" and "conditioned reflexes" instead of "conditional") have become the main concepts of behavioral science (see also classical conditioning).Russian Russian mentality In April—May 1918, Pavlov gave three lectures, which are usually combined under the general conditional title "On the mind in general, on the Russian mind in particular," which critically analyzed the peculiarities of the Russian mentality (first of all, the lack of intellectual discipline).It is known that during the years of the Civil War and war communism, Pavlov, suffering poverty and lack of funding for scientific research, refused the invitation of the Swedish Academy of Sciences to move to Sweden, where he was promised to create the most favorable conditions for life and scientific research, and in the vicinity of Stockholm it was planned to build, at Pavlov's request, such an institute as he wanted. Pavlov replied that he would not leave Russia.This was followed by a corresponding decree of the Soviet government signed by Vladimir Lenin , and an institute was built for Pavlov in Koltushi, near Leningrad, where he worked until 1936.In the 1920s, Pavlov maintained close relations with his student Gleb Vasilyevich von Anrep (1889-1955), who emigrated to Great Britain after the revolution. Pavlov corresponded with him and met several times at international congresses (in particular, in 1923 in Edinburgh, in 1929 in Boston and New Haven); Anrep helped him translate reports into English, and in 1927, Pavlov's book "Lectures on the work of the Cerebral Hemispheres" was published in Oxford. the brain"