Narsha Bulgakbaev
Modernization of Islam
USUL AL-FIKH
Fiqh – meaning «understanding». The word fiqh is used in this sense in several places in the Quran. For example: «… but you do not understand their praise…» (Isra, Ayat 44) In Sharia terminology, Fiqh: knowledge of Sharia judgments about action through evidence. Sometimes these sentences themselves are called Fiqhs. The foundations of fiqh are: Koran, Sunnah, Ijma, Qiyas. The actions of Muslims (who have reached the age of Baliat) are generally and comprehensively considered and regulate a person’s relationship with the Creator, himself and other people. Fiqh Mukallaf includes the words, deeds, agreements and property of a person. Fiqh is divided into two parts: Verdicts of prayer: prayer, fasting and pilgrimage. Relationship verdicts: contracts, property expenses, crime and punishment, surety, and so on. The influence of knowledge of Fiqh lies in the righteousness of the servant of Allah, the correctness of his actions, the correctness of his morals. And if a Muslim is corrected, then the jamaat will be corrected, and the result will be a happy life in this world and the pleasure of Allah in the Akhirat. Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him): «Allah, who means well, will make religion understandable.»
Madhhabs
Among the Fiqh madhhabs (schools), there are also individual ones, where one scientist has thoughts and views on Sharia issues, but it is not fully developed due to the lack of students who could disseminate and explain it. In addition, there are popular media where the views of the founding scholars of the mujtahids are developed by students. This was the name of the imams who founded the Madhabs. Among these Madhhabs are the Hanafi Madhhab, the Maliki Madhhab, the Shafiqi Madhhab and the Hanbali Madhhab. At the same time, the Mazhabs of Zahiri are sometimes added. These Madhhabs are called «Ahl-Sunni». In addition to the Ahli-Sunnet Madhhabs, there are the Jaafari and Zaydi Madhhabs of the symbionts, as well as the Ibadi Madhhab of the Kharijites.
Madhab Hanafi
The Hanafi Madhhab is an Ahl-Sunni school of fiqh that is based on Imam Abu Hanifa. After the name of its founder, it is called the «Hanafi Mazhab.» Abu Hanifa, whose real name was Nugman ibn Sabit, was born in 80 (699). He was born in Kufa and died there in 150 (767). Scholars belonging to the Hanafi Madhhab called Abu Hanifa «Imam Agzam (great imam). Some historians consider Abu Hanifah to be one of the Tabigeen because he transmitted hadith from his companion Malik ibn Anas. But other historians believe that he is a follower of the Tabi’in. Although Imam Abu Hanifa was a scholar who knew many issues of Islam, his main work was in the field of fiqh. Abdullah ibn al-Mubarak said: «I do not know anyone who could be equal in knowledge of fiqh.» Al-Shafiqi: «Everyone in fiqh exists thanks to Abu Hanifa.»
Madhhab of Maliki
The Maliki madhhab is an Ahl-Sunni school of fiqh that is based on Imam Malik ibn Anas.
Founded by Malik ibn Anas Hijri in 96 (711). He was born in Medina and died in 179 (795). Imam Malik is from the Royal Court of Humayra and emigrated from Yemen. His family became famous for Sharia education, and he himself acquired the title «Imam Dar al-Hijra („al-Hijra“ – the city of Medina).» Imam Malik paid great attention to hadith and left behind a collection of hadith «Muwatta»
Madhab Shafiqi
The founder of the Shafiqi Mazhab is Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafiqi. Born in Gaza, Palestine, in 150 Hijri. Muhammad ibn Idris, who memorized the Quran at the age of seven, received permission to give fatfa at the age of 15. Imam al-Shafi’i was educated by famous scholars: Imam Malik, Sufyan ibn Uyina, Imam Muhammad al-Shaybani. During his short life, al-Shafiqi studied in Mecca, Yemen, Iraq, Egypt and taught there. Imam al-Shafiqi was the first to introduce the science of usul al-fiqh and write the book Risala. Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal considered him his teacher and mujaddidi, who was sent to renew the religion of Allah. According to annual estimates, Hijra circled the world in 204.
Hanbali madhhab
The founder of the Mazhab is Imam Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Hanbal al-Shaybani. 164th year AH (778) He was born in Merv and died in 241 (855). Imam Ahmad, who was orphaned by his father at a very early age, paid great attention to Sharia subjects, including hadith, and became a great muhaddi. He was raised by the famous followers of Abu Hanifa, Imam Abu Yusuf, Imam al-Shafiqi, Waqi ibn al-Jarrah. Even his teachers were Abu Daud, Imam Muslim, Imam al-Bukhari. Imam Ahmad sees a lot of pressure from the devout Mu’tazis who follow the caliphs who came to power. He remains one of the most famous religious writers and was imprisoned and tortured for a long time. Imam Ahmad called for obtaining sharia evidence from the Qur’an and Sunnah and forbade blindly looking at the words of imams. He said: «Do not blindly follow my fatwas, the fatwas of Malik, al-Shafi’i, al-Awza’i and al-Thawri. Receive your fatwas where they received their fatwas.» Ibn al-Jawzi reported the words of
Imam Ahmad: «Whoever greets the Messenger of Allah, and if he does not accept the hadith
``Sahih», then he is on the verge of extinction!»
ON THE PATH OF ALLAH
The word «jhad» means «struggle, effort, war.» Definition of the word «jhad» in «modern dictionary of the Arabic language» the following: «War with non-aligned infidels or war in the path of Allah. The struggle to protect religion or the Motherland.» But this word is used not only in the sense of fighting enemies, but also in the sense of fighting lust and the devil. Imam Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziya says: There are two types of jhad: against the enemy and against oneself, and jhad against oneself is much better and harder than jhad against the enemy. In fact, if a person cannot conduct jhad against himself to do what he is commanded and avoid what is forbidden, then he cannot conduct jhad against the enemy. However, there is a third type of enemy, and a person who does not fight against it cannot wage jhad either against the enemy or against his own ego. He’s the devil. Conducting jhad against him is the basis of jhad both against the enemy and against oneself. Allah Ta’ala says: «Verily, Satan is your enemy, so treat him as an enemy. He invites his people to become the inhabitants of Hell» (Sura Fatir, 6). The command to treat Satan as an enemy shows how important it is to wage jhad against him and direct all your efforts towards fighting him. Because the devil is an enemy who does not stop fighting with the servants of Allah and does not weaken!“. Also, Ibn al-Qayyim preferred Jhad with evidence and explanation to Jhad with the sword, and said that this Jhad was done by the Prophets and the Imams who followed them. This verse proves it: „If We had willed, We could have sent a warner to every place. Therefore, do not submit to the disbelievers and wage a great jhad against them through the Qur’an! (Surah Furqan, verses 51—52)
EXCEED THE LIMITS
The Last Judgement, Judgment Day – in the eschatology of Abrahamic religions – the final judgment of God to determine the righteous and the sinners and determine the reward of the former and the punishment of the latter.
Exceeding the limits set by the Holy Book of Allah, the Holy Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad, is a sin according to the religion of Islam. Through His prophets, Allah showed people things that harm their health, destroy their relationships with the people around them, and shake a Muslim’s faith in Allah. The Holy Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad clearly state the boundary that a Muslim should not cross, because if he crosses it, he commits a sin. By committing sins, a Muslim harms himself and others not only in the present, but also in the future and the afterlife. Sins committed during earthly life lead a person to one of the seven circles of hell, depending on how many they commit and how serious they are. In Islam, sins are divided into major or serious and minor. A person who receives forgiveness for small sins regrets what he did and does not do it again, if he does it again, he is sick and needs to heal his soul. The help of a comprehensive psychiatrist, psychotherapist, psychologist will not be superfluous, but the best healer is god and his destiny.
The greatest sins in Islam: This type of sin in Islam is the most serious, for committing it, a person must be punished, i.e. treated. In Islam, the greatest sin in terms of rank is idolatry, polytheism (shirk), which is a mortal sin, great, and there is no salvation for a person who worships idols. In Hell, one suffers severe and terrible torment; Slandering an innocent woman and accusing her of adultery is also a grave sin in Islam; The greatest sin in Islam is killing a believer. Killing any person is forbidden by Allah Ta’ala, but killing a Muslim who believes in one Creator is the gravest sin in Islam and its punishment will be merciless; Witchcraft, which causes the sorcerer to leave Islam or cause any harm to a person; usury lending money with interest or living with interest; leaving the battlefield of a Muslim is tantamount to allowing a Muslim to trample on his holy places and disgrace his religion; encroachment on the property of an orphan; In Islam, despairing of forgiveness and atonement is a great sin, because it shows a desperate lack of faith in God, who is the guardian of believers, who raised and preserved man in the womb, false identity; adultery; homosexuality; eating pork, as well as carcasses and haram (forbidden) products, a Muslim is allowed to eat and drink only halal (permitted); drinking alcoholic beverages. If a sin is committed in the holy Kaaba and Mecca, any degree of gravity of the sin is increased in Islam, because this area is the holy place of worship of Allah, as well as the biggest sins in Islam: skipping fasting during Ramadan without reason; organization of sin – this type of activity includes organization of brothels, pimping; refusal to pay zakat if a person is included in the category of those who are obliged to pay zakat; unscrupulous relations in purchase – sales transactions, fraud; breaking the relationship with parents or relatives; If there is no good reason to leave the obligatory prayer for five times. a bad moral trait in a person: arrogance, does not fit into faith, belongs to sin. A person can go to hell for abusing other people and even animals, as mentioned in the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad, a woman who starves a cat will be punished with hellfire. Sins in Islam are not limited to this list: there is a whole list of forbidden and undesirable actions according to Islam, as Allah Ta’ala warned Muslims through His Prophets. If a Muslim wants the angels of God to protect him, protect him from the devil, and not lose God’s mercy and forgiveness, he should pay attention to all these warnings.
Minor sins in Islam: Less serious sins are called minor sins, they are sufficient in number. A person who commits a lot of small sins may end up committing major sins, so it is very important for a believing Muslim to avoid small sins. They alienate a person from the pleasure and mercy of God, and for doing some of them, he should be held responsible and pay for the violated rights of people (gossip, bad behavior, etc.). Minor Sins in Islam: Indecent Appearance; bad attitude towards neighbors; envy and hatred of people; using gold or silver dishes for food; hiring an employee if the conditions of his work and the amount of payment have not been agreed with him; sitting on graves; whispering of two people in the presence of a third, two people talking in a language that is incomprehensible to the third interlocutor; Sitting or urinating in the direction of the Kaaba, in places along the road, under edible fruit trees, in the nests of spiders, as well as in flowing water, in pastures; slander and slander, verbally abuse or gossip about you, and everything that can cause a break in friendship. This list does not include all minor sins in Islam – the list is much wider and longer, and Muslims who study the Holy Quran know all minor and major sins in Islam. Also, in order to acquire such knowledge, one should read hadiths and books of religious scholars who have acquired knowledge from the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad. A Muslim should remember that any sin in Islam will humiliate his soul and distance him from the mercy of Allah Almighty. For a Muslim in the religion of Islam, sins are more dangerous than poison, because poison kills only human life on earth, and sin can deprive a person of eternal life and the blessings of the pious.
