Euripides
The Tragedies of Euripides, Volume I.
TYNDARUS, MENELAUS, ORESTES, CHORUS
TYND. Where, where can I see my daughter's husband Menelaus? For as I was pouring my libations on the tomb of Clytæmnestra, I heard that he was come to Nauplia with his wife, safe through a length of years. Conduct me, for I long to stand by his hand and salute him, seeing my friend after a long lapse of time.
MEN. O hail! old man, who sharest thy bed with Jove.
TYND. O hail! thou also, Menelaus my dear relation, – ah! what an evil is it not to know the future! This dragon here, the murderer of his mother, glares before the house his pestilential gleams – the object of my detestation – Menelaus, dost thou speak to this unholy wretch?
MEN. Why not? he is the son of a father who was dear to me.
TYND. What! was he sprung from him, being such as he is?
MEN. He was; but, though he be unfortunate, he should be respected.
TYND. Having been a long time with barbarians, thou art thyself turned barbarian.
MEN. Nay! it is the Grecian fashion always to honor one of kindred blood.
TYND. Yes, and also not to wish to be above the laws.
MEN. Every thing proceeding from necessity is considered as subservient to her49 among the wise.
TYND. Do thou then keep to this, but I'll have none of it.
MEN. No, for anger joined with thine age, is not wisdom.
TYND. With this man what controversy can there be regarding wisdom? If what things are virtuous, and what are not virtuous, are plain to all, what man was ever more unwise that this man? who did not indeed consider justice, nor applied to the common existing law of the Grecians. For after that Agamemnon breathed forth his last, struck by my daughter on the head, a most foul deed (for never will I approve of this), it behooved him indeed to lay against her a sacred charge of bloodshed, following up the accusation, and to cast his mother from out of the house; and he would have taken the wise side in the calamity, and would have kept to law, and would have been pious. But now has he come to the same fate with his mother. For with justice thinking her wicked, himself has become more wicked in slaying his mother.
But thus much, Menelaus, will I ask thee; If the wife that shared his bed were to kill him, and his son again kills his mother in return, and he that is born of him shall expiate the murder with murder, whither then will the extremes of these evils proceed? Well did our fathers of old lay down these things; they suffered not him to come into the sight of their eyes, not to their converse, who was under an attainder50 of blood; but they made him atone by banishment; they suffered however none to kill him in return. For always were one about to be attainted of murder, taking the pollution last into his hands. But I hate indeed impious women, but first among them my daughter, who slew her husband. But never will I approve of Helen thy wife, nor would I speak to her, neither do I commend51 thee for going to the plain of Troy on account of a perfidious woman. But I will defend the law, as far at least as I am able, putting a stop to this brutish and murderous practice, which is ever destructive both of the country and the state. – For what feelings of humanity hadst thou, thou wretched man, when she bared her breast in supplication, thy mother? I indeed, though I witnessed not that scene of misery, melt in my aged eyes with tears through wretchedness. One thing however goes to the scale of my arguments; thou art both hated by the Gods, and sufferest vengeance of thy mother, wandering about with madness and terrors; why must I hear by the testimony of others, what it is in my power to see? That thou mayest know then once for all, Menelaus, do not things contrary to the Gods, through thy wishes to assist this man. But suffer him to be slain by the citizens with stones, or set not thy foot on Spartan ground. But my daughter in dying met with justice, but it was not fitting that she should die by him.52 In other respects indeed have I been a happy man, except in my daughters, but in this I am not happy.
CHOR. He is enviable, who is fortunate in his children, and has not on him some notorious calamities.
ORES. O old man, I tremble to speak to thee, wherein I am about to grieve thee and thy mind. But I am unholy in that I slew my mother; but holy at least in another point of view, having avenged my father. Let then thine age, which hinders me through fear from speaking, be removed out of the way of my words, and I will go on in a direct path; but now do I fear thy gray hairs. What could I do? for oppose the facts, two against two. My father indeed begat me, but thy daughter brought me forth, a field receiving the seed from another; but without a father there never could be a child. I reasoned therefore with myself, that I should assist the prime author of my birth rather than the aliment which under him produced me. But thy daughter (I am ashamed to call her mother), in secret and unchaste nuptials, had approached the bed of another man; of myself, if I speak ill of her, shall I be speaking, but yet will I tell it. Ægisthus was her secret husband in her palace. Him I slew, and after him I sacrificed my mother, doing indeed unholy things, but avenging my father. But as touching those things for which thou threatenest that I must be stoned, hear, how I shall assist all Greece. For if the women shall arrive at such a pitch of boldness as to murder the men, making good their escape with regard to their children, seeking to captivate their pity by their breasts, it would be as nothing with them to slay their husbands, having any pretext that might chance; but I having done dreadful things (as thou sayest), have put a stop to this law, but hating my mother deservedly I slew her, who betrayed her husband absent from home in arms, the generalissimo of the whole land of Greece, and kept not her bed undefiled. But when she perceived that she had done amiss, she inflicted not vengeance on herself, but, that she might not suffer vengeance from her husband, punished and slew my father. By the Gods, (in no good cause have I named the Gods, pleading against a charge of murder,) had I by my silence praised my mother's actions, what then would the deceased have done to me? To my mother indeed the Furies are present as allies, but would they not be present to him, who has received the greater injury? Would he not, detesting me, have haunted me with the Furies? Thou then, O old man, by begetting a bad daughter, hast destroyed me; for through her boldness deprived of my father, I became a matricide. Dost see? Telemachus slew not the wife of Ulysses, for she married not a husband on a husband, but her marriage-bed remains unpolluted in the palace. Dost see? Apollo, who, dwelling in his habitation in the midst of the earth, gives the most clear oracles to mortals, by whom we are entirely guided, whatever he may say, on him relying slew I my mother. 'Twas he who erred, not I: what could I do? Is not the God sufficient for me, who transfer the deed to him, to do away with the pollution? Whither then can any fly for succor, unless he that commanded me shall deliver me from death? But say not these things have been done "not well;" but say "not fortunately" for us who did them. But to whatsoever men their marriages are well established, there is a happy life, but to those to whom they fall not out well, with regard to their affairs both at home and abroad they are unfortunate.
CHOR. Women were born always to be in the way of what may happen to men, to the making of things unfortunate.
TYND. Since thou art bold, and yieldest not to my speech, but thus answerest me so as to grieve my mind, thou wilt rather inflame me to urge thy death. But this I shall consider a handsome addition to those labors for which I came, namely, to deck my daughter's tomb. For going to the multitude of the Argives assembled, I will rouse the state willing and not unwilling, to pass the sentence53 of being stoned on thee and on thy sister; but she is worthy of death rather than thee, who irritated thee against her mother, always pealing in thine ear words to increase thy hatred, relating dreams she had of Agamemnon, and this also, that the infernal Gods detested the bed of Ægisthus; for even here on earth it were hard to be endured; until she set the house in flames with fire more strong than Vulcan's. – Menelaus, but to thee I speak this, and will moreover perform it. If thou regard my hate, and my alliance, ward not off death from this man in opposition to the Gods; but suffer him to be slain by the citizens with stones, or set not thy foot on Spartan ground. Thus much having heard, depart, nor choose the impious for thy friends, passing over the pious. – But O attendants, conduct us from this house.
ORES. Depart, that the remainder of my speech may reach this man uninterrupted by the clamors of thy age: Menelaus, whither dost thou roam in thought, entering on a double path of double care?
MEN. Suffer me; having some thoughts with myself, I am perplexed to which side of fortune to turn me.
ORES. Do not make up thy opinion, but having first heard my words, then deliberate.
MEN. Say on; for thou hast spoken rightly; but there are seasons where silence may be better than talking, and there are seasons where talking may be better than silence.
ORES. I will speak then forthwith: Long speeches have the preference before short ones, and are more plain to hear. Give thou to me nothing of what thou hast, O Menelaus, but what thou hast received from my father, return; I mean not riches – yet riches, which are the most dear of what I possess, if thou wilt preserve my life. Say I am unjust, I ought to receive from thee, instead of this evil, something contrary to what justice demands; for Agamemnon my father having collected Greece in arms, in a way justice did not demand, went to Troy, not having erred himself, but in order to set right the error, and injustice of thy wife. This one thing indeed thou oughtest to give me for one thing, but he, as friends should for friends, of a truth exposed his person for thee toiling at the shield, that thou mightest receive back thy wife. Repay me then this kindness for that which thou receivedst there, toiling for one day in standing as my succor, not completing ten years. But the sacrifice of my sister, which Aulis received, this I suffer thee to have; do not kill Hermione, I ask it not. For, I being in the state in which I now am, thou must of necessity have the advantage, and I must suffer it to be so. But grant my life to my wretched father, and my sister's, who has been a virgin a long time. For dying I shall leave my father's house destitute. Thou wilt say "impossible: " this is the very thing I have been urging, it behooves friends to help their friends in misfortunes. But when the God gives prosperity, what need is there of friends? For the God himself sufficeth, being willing to assist. Thou appearest to all the Greeks to be fond of thy wife; (and this I say, not stealing under thee imperceptibly with flattery;) by her I implore thee; O wretched me for my woes, to what have I come? but why must I suffer thus? For in behalf of the whole house I make this supplication. O divine brother of my father, conceive that the dead man beneath the earth hears these things, and that his spirit is hovering over thee, and speaks what I speak. These things have I said, with tears, and groans, and miseries,54 and have prayed earnestly, looking for preservation, which all, and not I only, seek.
CHOR. I too implore thee, although a woman, yet still I implore thee to succor those in need, but thou art able.
MEN. Orestes, I indeed reverence thy person, and I am willing to labor with thee in thy misfortunes. For thus it is right to endure together the misfortunes of one's relations, if the God gives the ability, even so far as to die, and to kill the adversary; but this ability again I want from the Gods. For I am come having my single spear unaided by allies, having wandered with infinite labors with small assistance of friends left me. In battle therefore we can not come off superior to Pelasgian Argos; but if we can by soft speeches, to that hope are we equal. For how can any one achieve great actions with small means? For when the rabble is in full force falling into a rage, it is equally difficult to extinguish as a fierce fire. But if one quietly yields to it as it is spreading, and gives in to it, watching well his opportunity, perhaps it may spend its rage, but when it has remitted from its blast, you may without difficulty have it your own way, as much as you please. For there is inherent in them pity, but there is inherent also vehement passion, to one who carefully watches his opportunity a most excellent advantage. But I will go and endeavor to persuade Tyndarus, and the city, to use their great power in a becoming manner. For a ship, the main sheet stretched out to a violent degree, is wont to pitch, but stands upright again, if you slacken the main sheet. For the God hates too great vehemence, and the citizens hate it; but I must (I speak as I mean) save thee by wisdom, not by opposing my superiors. But I can not by force, as perchance thou thinkest, preserve thee; for it is no easy matter to erect from one single spear trophies from the evils, which are about thee. For never have we approached the land of Argos by way of supplication; but now there is necessity for the wise to become the slaves of fortune.
ORESTES, CHORUS
ORES. O thou, a mere cipher in other things except in warring for the sake of a woman; O thou most base in avenging thy friends, dost thou fly, turning away from me? But all Agamemnon's services are gone: thou wert then without friends, O my father, in thy affliction. Alas me! I am betrayed, and there no longer are any hopes, whither turning I may escape death from the Argives. For he was the refuge of my safety. But I see this most dear of men, Pylades, coming with hasty step from the Phocians, a pleasing sight, a man faithful in adversity, more grateful to behold than the calm to the mariners.
PYLADES, ORESTES, CHORUS
PYL. I came through the city with a quicker step than I ought, having heard of the council of state assembled, and seeing it plainly myself, against thee and thy sister, as about to kill you instantly. – What is this? how art thou? in what state, O most dear to me of my companions and kindred? for all these things art thou to me.
ORES. We are gone – briefly to show thee my calamities.
PYL. Thou wilt have ruined me too; for the things of friends are common.
ORES. Menelaus has behaved most basely toward me and my sister.
PYL. It is to be expected that the husband of a bad wife be bad.
ORES. He is come, and has done just as much for me as if he had not come.
PYL. What! is he in truth come to this land?
ORES. After a long season; but nevertheless he was very soon discovered to be too base to his friends.
PYL. And has he brought in his ship with him his most infamous wife?
ORES. Not he her, but she brought him hither.
PYL. Where is she, who, beyond any woman,55 destroyed most of the Grecians?
ORES. In my palace, if I may indeed be allowed to call this mine.
PYL. But what words didst thou say to thy father's brother?
ORES. I requested him not to suffer me and my sister to be slain by the citizens.
PYL. By the Gods, what said he to this request; this I wish to know.
ORES. He declined, from motives of prudence, as bad friends act toward their friends.
PYL. Going on what ground of excuse? This having learned, I am in possession of every thing.
ORES. The father himself came, he that begat such excellent daughters.
PYL. Tyndarus you mean; perhaps enraged with thee on account of his daughter.
ORES. You are right: be paid more attention to his ties with him, than to his ties with my father.
PYL. And dared he not, being present, to take arms against thy troubles?
ORES. No: for he was not born a warrior, but brave among women.
PYL. Thou art then in the greatest miseries, and it is necessary for thee to die.
ORES. The citizens must pass their vote on us for the murder we have committed.56
PYL. Which vote what will it decide? tell me, for I am in fear.
ORES. Either to die or live; not many words on matters of great import.
PYL. Come fly, and quit the palace with thy sister.
ORES. Seest thou not? we are watched by guards on every side,
PYL. I saw the streets of the city lined with arms.
ORES. We are invested as to our persons, as a city by the enemy.
PYL. Now ask me also, what I suffer; for I too am undone.
ORES. By whom? This would be an evil added to my evils.
PYL. Strophius, my father, being enraged, hath driven me an exile from his house.
ORES. Bringing against thee some private charge, or one in common with the citizens?
PYL. Because I perpetrated with thee the murder of thy mother, he banished me, calling me unholy.
ORES. O thou unfortunate! it seems that thou also sufferest for my evils.
PYL. We have not Menelaus's manners – this must be borne.
ORES. Dost thou not fear lest Argos should wish to kill thee, as it does also me?
PYL. We do not belong to these to punish, but to the land of the Phocians.
ORES. The populace is a terrible thing, when they have evil leaders.
PYL. But when they have good ones, they always deliberate good things.
ORES. Be it so: we must speak on our common business.
PYL. On what affair of necessity?
ORES. Supposing I should go to the citizens, and say —
PYL. – that thou hast acted justly?
ORES. Ay, avenging my father:
PYL. I fear they might not receive thee gladly.
ORES. But shall I die then shuddering in silence!
PYL. This were cowardly.
ORES. How then can I do?
PYL. Hast thou any chance of safety, if thou remainest?
ORES. I have none.
PYL. But going, is there any hope of thy being preserved from thy miseries?
ORES. Should it chance well, there might be.
PYL. Is not this then better than remaining?
ORES. Shall I go then?
PYL. Dying thus, at least thou wilt die more honorably.
ORES. And I have a just cause.
PYL. Only pray for its appearing so.
ORES. Thou sayest well: this way I avoid the imputation of cowardice.
PYL. More than by tarrying here.
ORES. And some one perchance may pity me —
PYL. Yes; for thy nobleness of birth is a great thing.
ORES. – indignant at my father's death.
PYL. All this in prospect.
ORES. Go I must, for it is not manly to die ingloriously.
PYL. These sentiments I praise.
ORES. Shall we then tell these things to my sister?
PYL. No, by the Gods.
ORES. Why, there might be tears.
PYL. This then is a great omen.
ORES. Clearly it is better to be silent.
PYL. Thou art a gainer by delay.
ORES. This one thing only opposes me.
PYL. What new thing again is this thou sayest?
ORES. I fear lest the goddesses should stop me with their torments.
PYL. But I will take care of thee.
ORES. It is a difficult and dangerous task to touch a man thus disordered.
PYL. Not for me to touch thee.
ORES. Take care how thou art partner of my madness.
PYL. Let not this be thought of.
ORES. Wilt thou not then be timid to assist me?
PYL. No, for timidity is a great evil to friends.
ORES. Go on now, the helm of my foot.
PYL. Having a charge worthy of a friend.
ORES. And guide me to my father's tomb.
PYL. To what end is this?
ORES. That I may supplicate him to save me.
PYL. This at least is just.
ORES. But let me not see my mother's monument.
PYL. For she was an enemy. But hasten, that the decree of the Argives condemn thee not before thou goest; leaning thy side, weary with disease, on mine: since I will conduct thee through the city, little caring for the multitude, nothing ashamed; for where shall I show myself thy friend, if I assist thee not when them art in perilous condition?
ORES. This it is to have companions, not relationship alone; so that a man who is congenial in manners, though a stranger in blood, is a better friend for a man to have, than ten thousand relatives.
CHORUS
The great happiness, and the valor high sounding throughout Greece, and by the channels of the Simois, has again withdrawn from the fortune of the Atridæ, as of old, from the ancient calamity of the house, when the strife of the golden lamb57 arose among the descendants of Tantalus; most shocking feasts, and the slaughter of noble children; from whence murder responsive to murder fails not to attend on the two sons of Atreus. What seems good is not good, to gash the parents' skin with a fierce hand, and brandish the sword black-stained with blood in the sunbeams. But, on the other hand, to act wickedly58 is mad impiety, and the folly of evil-minded men.
But the wretched daughter of Tyndarus in the fear of death shrieked out, "My son, thou darest impious deeds, killing thy mother; do not, attending to the gratification of thy father, kindle an everlasting disgrace."
What malady, or what tears, or what pity on earth is greater, than to imbrue one's hand in a mother's blood? What a deed, what a deed having performed, does the son of Agamemnon rave with madness, a prey to the Eumenides, marked for death, giddy with his rolling eyes! O wretched on account of his mother, when though seeing the breast bared from the robe of golden texture, he stabbed the mother in retaliation for the father's sufferings.
